ITunes Backup

The following description is to describe the backup system of iTunes, which is often used for forensic analysis of iDevices. This description is for the format used in the latest iTunes 10.5.3 - older versions are slightly different (see old article). The description is only for non-encrypted backups.

On the iDevice there is a file  which determines what files to backup. There is a differentiation between "domains" and relative files.

In the backup location (see below) there are all backups that iTunes has made so far. Every backup folder has a name made of 20 bytes in hex numbers (lower case) for a full backup. A differential backup has the same folder name, but appened with a dash and the ISO date of the backup (8 digit yyyymmdd) and a dash and the time in 24-hour format with seconds.

In each backup, there are four files with infos, which are described later: There are also the files themselves, but with a new file name.
 * Info.plist
 * Manifest.mdbd
 * Manifest.plist
 * Status.plist

The file names are made by a SHA-1 hash of their name, together with their path and domain. Between the domain and the path there is a dash. Example: SHA1('HomeDomain-Library/SMS/sms.db') = 3d0d7e5fb2ce288813306e4d4636395e047a3d28 It is not clear what would happen in case of hash collisions. Probably Apple assumes it won't happen.

The data itself is encrypted with AES-256 CBC.

iTunes backup location

 * Windows XP:
 * Windows Vista/7/8:
 * OS X:

Info.plist
This is a plaintext plist that contains the following dict:
 * Build Version (string): 9A406 (iOS build version of the device that was backed up)
 * Device Name (string): (name of the device that was backed up)
 * Display Name (string): (name of the device that was backed up)
 * GUID (string): unknown 16-byte GUID without any dashes
 * ICCID (string)
 * IMEI (string)
 * Last Backup Date (date): format "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssZ"
 * Phone Number (string)
 * Product Type (string): iPhone4,1
 * Product Version (string): 5.0.1
 * Serial Number (string)
 * Sync Settings (dict):
 * Calendar Day Limit (integer): 30
 * Calendars Collections: (array of dict, 1 element):
 * AMSCollectionDisplayName (string): Calendar
 * AMSCollectionFiltered (bool): false
 * AMSCollectionName (string): Calendar
 * AMSCollectionReadOnly (bool): false
 * Data Class Info: (array of dict, 5 elements)
 * [0] dict:
 * kAMSDataClassEnabled (bool): false
 * kAMSDataClassName (string): com.apple.Bookmarks
 * kAMSDataClassReset (bool): false
 * [1] dict:
 * kAMSDataClassEnabled (bool): false
 * kAMSDataClassName (string): com.apple.Calendars
 * kAMSDataClassReset (bool): false
 * [2] dict:
 * kAMSDataClassEnabled (bool): false
 * kAMSDataClassName (string): com.apple.Accounts
 * kAMSDataClassReset (bool): false
 * [3] dict:
 * kAMSDataClassEnabled (bool): false
 * kAMSDataClassName (string): com.apple.MailAccounts
 * kAMSDataClassReset (bool): false
 * [4] dict:
 * kAMSDataClassEnabled (bool): true
 * kAMSDataClassName (string): com.apple.Notes
 * kAMSDataClassReset (bool): false
 * New Record Calendar Name (string): Home
 * iTunes User ID (string): (8-byte hex code)
 * Target Identifier (string): 20-byte hex code
 * Terget Type (string): Device
 * Unique Identifier (string): same 20-byte hex code
 * iBooks Data 2 (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * iTunes Files (dict):
 * IC-Info.siv (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * PhotosFolderAlbums (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * PhotosFolderName (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * PhotosFolderPrefs (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * ShowMarketing (data): (empty)
 * iTunesPrefs (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * iTunesPrefs.plist (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * iTunes Settings (dict):
 * LibraryApplications (array of string): The array of string contains the identification string of each application, for example
 * iTunes Version (string): 10.5.3

iBooks Data 2
This blob is actually another plist (dict):
 * 1.2 (dict):
 * BKBookmark (array of dict):
 * [0] dict:
 * bookDatabaseKey (string)
 * date (integer)
 * deletedFlag (bool)
 * highlightColor (integer)
 * lastModification (integer)
 * locationBPlist (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * ordinal (integer)
 * serverSyncUniqueId (string): Reading Location
 * type (integer): 1
 * CollectionsData-1.2 (dict):
 * BKCollection (array of 2 dict):
 * [0] dict:
 * databaseKeys (array): (empty)
 * lastModification_Since1970 (integer)
 * ServerSyncUniqueId (string): Pdfs_Collenction_ID
 * sortKey (integer): -2
 * title (string): PDFs
 * [1] dict:
 * databaseKeys (array): (empty)
 * lastModification_Since1970 (integer)
 * ServerSyncUniqueId (string): Pdfs_Collenction_ID
 * sortKey (integer): -1
 * title (string): Books
 * rolling_version (integer): 17

Location BPList
This is actually a binary plist with the following content (dict): (example):
 * class (string): BKEpubLocation
 * endOffset (real): 0,0
 * endPath (array of dict):
 * [0] dict
 * id (string): seeAlsoSection
 * index (integer): 32
 * tagName (string): div
 * [1] dcit
 * index (integer): 3
 * tagName (string): p
 * startOffset (real): 0.0
 * startPath (array of dict):
 * [0] dict:
 * id (string): seeAlsoSection
 * index (integer): 32
 * tagName (string): div
 * [1] dict:
 * index (integer): 3
 * tagName (string): p
 * super (dict):
 * class (string): BKLocation
 * ordinal (integer): 3

IC-Info.siv
binary file, content unknown

PhotosFolderAlbums
frpd binary file. Starts with 0x66 0x72 0x70 0x64 ('frpd'). Then only very few bytes and the content is mostly zero. Then at 0x68 and 0x26C, 0x470, 0x674, etc. there are folder names (in unicode, starting with the name length).

PhotosFolderName
A 0x200 byte long file, starting with the text "Pictures" (in unicode) and the name length before it. Rest filled with zeroes.

iTunesPrefs
This is another frpd file. It contains names of computers found on the network, like iPodPrefs below.

iTunesPrefs.plist
plist with this content (dict):
 * ApplicationIDs (array of string): list of applications (like
 * AudiobookPlaylistIDs (array): (empty)
 * AudioTrackIDs (array): (empty)
 * BookTrackIDs (array of integer): (signed long integer values)
 * LibraryBookTrackIDs (array of integer): (signed long integer values)
 * MoviePlaylistIDs (array): (empty)
 * MovieTrackIDs (array): (empty)
 * MusicAlbumIDs (array): (empty)
 * MusicArtistIDs (array): (empty)
 * MusicGenreNames (array): (empty)
 * MusicPlaylistIDs (array of integer): (signed long integer values)
 * MusicTrackIDs (array): (empty)
 * PodcastChannelIDs (array): (empty)
 * PodcastPlaylistIDs (array): (empty)
 * PodcastTrackIDs (array of integer): (signed long integer values)
 * RingtoneTrackIDs (array): (empty)
 * TVShowAlbumIDs (array): (empty)
 * TVShowNames (array): (empty)
 * TVShowPlaylistIDs (array): (empty)
 * TVShowTrackIDs (array): (empty)
 * iPodPrefs (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * iTunesUChannelIDs (array): (empty)
 * iTunesUPlaylistIDs (array): (empty)
 * iTunesUTrackIDs (array): (empty)

iPodPrefs
frpd file, content unknown, but it contains server names on the network it was sync'd to, like iTunesPrefs above.

Manifest.mbdb
Binary file containing many text strings. Probably a database of file names in the backup. Format (from here):

Header
6 bytes: 'mbdb\5\0'

Record (variable size)
string Domain       Backup domain (one of                        "AppDomain-com.some.user.installed.app",                        "CameraRollDomain",                        "DatabaseDomain"                        "HomeDomain",                        "KeychainDomain",                        "ManagedPreferencesDomain",                        "MediaDomain",                        "MobileDeviceDomain",                        "RootDomain",                        "SystemPreferencesDomain",                        "WirelessDomain",                        ... others? string Path               string LinkTarget    absolute path string DataHash      SHA-1 of file contents, actual file objects only string encryptionKey      Encryption key for encrypted backups uint16 Mode           Unix file permissions. See /usr/include/stat.h  and stat(2)                                file mode: 0xAxxx symbolic link (aka S_IFLNK or 00120000) 0x4xxx directory (aka S_IFDIR or 0040000) 0x8xxx regular file (aka S_IFREG or 0100000) Mask out ~ 0xf000 (aka S_IFMT) for file permissions uint32 inode        inode number uint32 uid            owner uint32 gid            group uint32 mtime       time of last modification uint32 atime        time of last access uint32 ctime        time of last change of status uint64 length       file size (always 0 for link or directory) uint8 protectionclass         unknown uint8 PropertyCount number of properties following Property is a couple of strings: string name string value        can be a string or aa binary content All values are big endian, strings are composed of a uint16 that contains the length or 0xffff for NULL, then the characters in UTF-8 with canonical decomposition (Unicode normalization form D).

To determine the actual filename corresponding to a record (this will be the actual file in the mobile backup directory), calculate a sha-1 checksum of the Domain and Path seperated by '-' as follows: SHA1(-)

It is possible to modify files in a mobile backup by understanding this structure as well. If you change the file contents, update the DataHash and length

Manifest.plist
Binary plist with the following content (dict):
 * Applications (dict):
 * com.apple.iBooks (dict)
 * CFBundleIdentifier (string): com.apple.iBooks
 * CFBundleVersion (string): 804
 * Path (string): /private/var/mobile/Applications/[GUID]/iBooks.app
 * etc. for other apps
 * BackupKeyBag (data): (base-64 encoded blob, see below)
 * Date (date): yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssZ
 * IsEncrypted (bool): false
 * Lockdown (dict):
 * BuildVersion (string): 9A406
 * DeviceName (string)
 * ProductType (string): iPhone4,1
 * ProductVersion (string): 5.0.1
 * SerialNumber (string)
 * UniqueDeviceID (string): 20-byte hex
 * com.apple.Accessibility (dict):
 * InvertDisplayEnabledByiTunes (bool): false
 * MonoAudioEnabledByiTunes (bool): false
 * VoiceOverTouchEnabledByiTunes (bool): false
 * ZoomTouchEnabledByiTunes (bool): false
 * com.apple.MobileDeviceCrashCopy (dict):
 * ShouldPrompt (bool): false
 * ShouldSubmit (bool): false
 * com.apple.TerminalFlashr (dict): (empty)
 * com.apple.iTunes.backup (dict):
 * LastBackupComputerName (string)
 * LastBackupComputerType (string): PC
 * com.apple.itunesstored (dict):
 * AccountAvailableServiceTypes (integer): 0
 * AccountKind (integer): 0
 * AccountServiceTypes (integer): 0
 * AccountSocialEnabled (bool): false
 * AccountStoreFront (string): (unknown text string)
 * AccountURLBagType (string): production
 * AppleID (string)
 * CreditDisplayString (string): (empty string)
 * DSPersonID (integer)
 * TempStorefront (string): (unknown text string)
 * com.apple.mobile.data_sync (dict):
 * Bookmarks (dict):
 * AccountNames (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * Sources (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * Calendars (dict):
 * AccountNames (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * Sources (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * Contacts (dict):
 * AccountNames (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * Sources (array of string, 1 element): iCloud
 * com.apple.mobile.iTunes.accessories (dict): (empty)
 * com.apple.mobile.wireless_lockdown (dict): (empty)
 * SystemDomainsVersion (string): 12.0
 * Version (string): 9.0
 * WasPasscodeSet (bool): false

BackupKeyBag
Binary file in the following format: First block is "VERS" with a version number of 3. There are a lot of block types: VERS, TYPE, UUID, HMCK, WRAP, SALT, ITER, UUID, CLAS, WRAP, KTYP, WPKY, etc.
 * 4-byte block identifier
 * 4-byte block length (most significant byte first), length 4 means total block length of 0xC bytes.
 * data

Status.plist
Binary plist with the following content (dict):
 * BackupState (string): new
 * Date (date): "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssZ"
 * IsFullBackup (bool): false
 * SnapshotState (string): finished
 * UUID (string)
 * Version (string): 2.4

Files
Here is a list of commonly used files: