Dev:Dyld shared cache

Since iPhone OS 3.1, all system (private and public) libraries have been combined into a big cache file to improve performance. The original files are redundant and thus eliminated from the system.

If you're looking for binaries or libraries inside of /System/Library/Frameworks or /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks (or other directories) and can't, this is why.

As of iOS 13.5 application code is now in frameworks in the shared cache. The binaries you see in /Applications or /private/var/staged_system_apps are now just shims, so if you attempt to class-dump them it will error out as no ObjC section will be found.

OS X, along with any other *OS released by apple also uses a shared cache. Unlike iOS, macOS before 11 Big Sur used to ship with the source binaries still on-disk, particularly so it can be updated with update_dyld_shared_cache. Starting with macOS 11, update_dyld_shared_cache is deprecated and, as in iOS, the only copy of the libraries is in the "cache". The cache is only vaguely documented in dyld man pages.

Using the ipsw tool

 * 1) Install ipsw.
 * 2) Run
 * 3) Run

Manually

 * 1) Download or locate an .ipsw file for the target version and device
 * 2) Rename it to a .zip, extract, and locate the largest .dmg
 * 3) Mount the dmg and navigate to /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.dyld/
 * 4) Copy the dyld_shared_cache to your machine.

From a MacOS Device
On newer machines, it is located at

Previously, it was located at

Extracting Frameworks and Libraries.
Since iOS 8, the SDK no longer includes extracted frameworks. The only way to obtain the libraries running on your device is via extraction.

Extracting the shared cache is useful in a few situations:


 * Linking against a framework or library not available in the public SDK
 * Using class-dump or similar tools to analyze Private Frameworks.
 * Reverse engineering the code in private or public frameworks within iOS.

DyldExtractor is currently (as of iOS 14) capable of extracting nearly perfect frameworks from the shared cache. However, these cannot yet be loaded by dyld, as more work needs done.

Simulator Runtime Frameworks
Can someone with an M1 mac comment on this?

The simulator runtime generated by Xcode includes fully symbolicated, perfect x64 binaries for Private and Public frameworks. For most shared_cache analysis, unless you own IDA 7.5 or the frameworks you are looking for are not available in simulators, you are fine with these. They're located under  (Xcode 11 and higher) or   (Xcode 10 and lower).

Disassemblers capable of extraction
Using DyldExtractor is recommended for extraction. The only tool capable of extracting on its own is IDA Pro 7.5, and using an extractor can still be easier.

BinaryNinja
BinaryNinja, utilizing the bn-dyldsharecache Plugin, is capable of loading images from the dyld_shared_cache. It's built on DyldExtractor, meaning the output is better than IDA's DSCU, and far easier to use.

IDA Pro
IDA 7.5 includes a plethora of tools that make working with the dsc much more tolerable. It entirely eliminates the need for extraction or third-party scripts to fix output.

Details and instructions on using the integrated tools can be found on the IDA Pro page. If you own a copy, check the IDA page on this wiki for a guide on using it.

Hopper
Hopper is capable of loading singular modules from the shared cache. It does not fix should link references but some users reported some issues trying to disassemble the links.

It also allows loading the entire shared cache, but tends to crash when loading it. It's not worth your time.

Ghidra
Ghidra is capable of loading the shared cache. The following steps are needed to load the shared cache:


 * Find the shared cache on your macOS
 * Copy all the files (note that are packed as executables)
 * From Ghidra, Import Batch > Select one of the file > Import as Filesystem
 * Wait some minutes (note: it can crash)
 * Export the files or just start the analysis on the executable/library you wish to.

There are known issues with loading a shared cache.

Standalone tools
Working on current iOS versions:


 * DyldExtractor. Python project capable of extracting and heavily fixing up frameworks from the shared cache. This tool produces nearly perfect output on current iOS versions.

"Working":


 * dsc_extractor (source code). More info here. Do note this is the exact same output provided by XCode automatically.

Tools for previous iOS versions:


 * dyld_decache by KennyTM~ to extract these dylibs.
 * DySlim by comex to mount the whole cache file on Mac OS X.
 * decache by phoenixdev to nearly perfectly extract dylibs from iOS <= 6 cache file.
 * jtool is another option starting from iOS 8.
 * yasce by comex is/was the best option for iOS 8 (and above), but you will need a nightly build version of rust; something like "rustc 1.9.0-nightly (339a409bf 2016-03-01)".
 * dyld_cache_extract by macmade that works on macOS and provides a complete GUI. Clone repo and do 'git submodule update --remote' before buidling. It was reported to be not working on iOS 10.2's dyld_shared_cache_armv7s; gave a 561.1MB executable file.

Cache location
The cache is located in /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.dyld/dyld_shared_cache_armX, where X can be:

Example usage for jtool
To extract a specific binary from the cache ("UIKit" can be replaced with a different framework or library):

An example of one way to dump all the binaries at once (be careful with this, it creates huge files):

Problems with jtool
Please be aware that decache currently produces (16.04.15) better and more usable results then jtool, as jtool fails to resolve and fix the "uniqued" Objective-?C selectors correctly.

Apple "uniques" Objective-C selectors, such as "alloc" (alloc is used almost everywhere), which are used in more then one place, into a single one. When extracting an image from the cache, the address of such a shared selector will most likely not be in the extracted image anymore, so this needs to fixed, which jtool apparently fails to do. (For more information: http://opensource.apple.com/source/dyld/dyld-132.13/launch-cache/update_dyld_shared_cache.cpp, look at the class ObjCSelectorUniquer)

Not working since iOS 11
jtool2 is the newer version this user reports it not working on the iOS 11 shared cache - shows a warning "File is likely truncated (or header corrupt?)" and then doesn't get past "LC_DYLD_INFO..." http://newosxbook.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=19577&start=50#p24183 Still same error exists on the cache from iOS 13.

Creation/background
The source code for the tool used at apple is here:

https://opensource.apple.com/source/dyld/dyld-733.6/dyld3/shared-cache/CacheBuilder.cpp.auto.html

Specifically linked is the file responsible for determining if a development build is being created, and if so to avoid removing stubs. This is likely done to make debugging issues in frameworks much less painful.

Evidence of these builds is present in dyld source (link to a github mirror here please), and they're likely used in internal iOS builds.

Class dumping
See this section of Reverse Engineering Tools.